Basics of Grammar
Word Classes
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Nomen / Substantivum |
Noun / Substantive |
man, car |
Adiectivum |
Adjective |
big, beautiful |
Numerale |
Numeral |
one, second |
Interiection |
Interjection |
hey, oh |
Adverbum |
Adverb |
here, there |
Verbum |
Verb |
go, make |
Praepositio |
Preposition |
in, on |
Coniunctio |
Conjunction / Connector |
and, because |
Pronomen |
Pronoun |
I, my |
Articulum |
Article |
the, a |
Word Forms
Numerus / Number
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Numerus |
Number |
Singular, Plural |
Singular |
Singular |
man |
Plural |
Plurall |
men |
Genus / Gender
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Genus / Genera |
Gender |
male, female, neutral |
maskulinum |
male |
amicus |
femininum |
female |
amica |
neutrum |
neutral |
templum |
Casus / Case
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Declinatio |
Declination of nouns and adjectives |
amicus, -i, -o, -um, -e, -o |
Casus |
Case |
Nominativus |
Nominativus |
Nominative |
The man sees her. |
Genitivus |
Genitive |
the car of the man |
Dativus |
Dative |
I give it to the man. |
Accusativus |
Accusative |
I see the man. |
Vocativus |
Vocative |
Marcus, where are you? |
Ablativus |
Ablative |
(of / from Marcus) |
Person
Term |
Example |
1st Person Singular |
I |
2nd Person Singular |
you |
3rd Person Singular |
he, she, it |
1st Person Plural |
we |
2nd Person Plural |
you |
3rd Person Plural |
they |
Infinitive
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Infinitivum |
Infinitive / Basic Form |
to go |
Infinitivum Praesens |
Infinitive Present |
to go |
Infinitivum Perfectum |
Infinitive Perfect |
to have gone |
Infinitivum Passivum |
Infinitive Passive |
to be made |
Infinitivum Perfectum Passivum |
Infinitive Perfect Passive |
to have been made |
Mode
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Modus |
Mode |
Indicative |
Indikativ |
Form of reality |
he makes |
Konjunktiv |
Form of possibility / opportunity |
he would make |
Imperativ |
Form of order |
make! |
Tempus
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Tempus / Tempora |
Tense |
Present tense |
Praesens |
Present tense |
he goes |
Praeteritum / |
Past tense |
he went |
Perfectum |
Present perfect |
he has gone |
Plusquamperfectum |
Past perfect |
he had gone |
Futurum I |
Future present |
he will go |
Futurum II |
Future past |
he will have gone |
Genus Verbi
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Activum |
Active |
I beat |
Passivum |
Passive |
I am beaten |
Parts oft he Sentence
Latin Term |
Example |
Subject |
The man is here. |
Predicate |
The man is coming now. |
Object |
Dative Object, ... |
Genitive Object |
the car of the man |
Dative Object |
I help the man. |
Accusative Object |
I know the man. |
Adverbial |
Local Adverbial |
Local Adverbial |
He is here. |
Temporal Adverbial |
He is coming now. |
Causal Adverbial |
He is coming because of his wife. |
Modal Adverbial |
He is coming quickly. |
Attribute |
Genitive Attribute, ... |
Adjective Attribute |
Green tree |
Genitive Attribute |
the car of the man |
Apposition |
Hugo, the king of Poland, is ... |
Predicative Noun
Latin Term |
English Meaning |
Example |
Predicative Noun |
A noun with an auxiliary verb that takes over the function of a “Nominative Object”. |
Sarah is a painter. |
Sentence Structure (1)
The verb governs (makes) the sentence.
Marcus studiat.
The verb “studiat” needs a subject > Marcus
Marcus amicum videt.
The verb “videt” needs a subject > Marcus and an accusative object > amicum
Marcus bonum amicum videt.
The noun “amicum” needs an adjective attribute > bonum
Marcus amico consilium dat.
The verb “dat” needs a subject > Marcus, a dative object > amico and an accusative object > consilium
Marcus ad amicum vadet.
The adverbial “ad amicum” is added to the sentence “Marcus ... vadet.”.
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